Make the spice mix: In a small bowl, combine smoked paprika, garlic powder, onion powder, oregano, thyme, salt, black pepper, cayenne, and brown sugar if using.
Prep the fish: Pat the mahi mahi dry with paper towels.
Dry fish sears better and forms a better crust. Rub both sides lightly with oil, then coat generously with the spice mix, pressing it in so it sticks.
Mix the salsa: In a medium bowl, combine avocado, cherry tomatoes, red onion, jalapeño, and cilantro. Add lime zest, lime juice, olive oil, and a pinch of salt and pepper.
Toss gently to keep the avocado chunky. Set aside.
Heat the pan: Place a large cast-iron or heavy skillet over medium-high heat. When it’s hot, add oil.
If using butter for flavor, add it just before the fish to prevent burning.
Sear the fish: Lay the fillets in the pan without crowding. Cook undisturbed for 3 to 4 minutes until the edges look opaque and the underside forms a dark, crisp crust.
Flip and finish: Carefully flip. Cook another 2 to 4 minutes, depending on thickness, until the fish flakes easily and is just opaque in the center.
Aim for an internal temperature of 130–135°F for moist fish; it will carryover cook slightly off heat.
Rest briefly: Transfer to a plate and let rest 2 minutes to set the juices.
Serve: Spoon avocado salsa over the fish. Add lime wedges on the side. Serve with tortillas, rice, or a crisp salad.